The Unity of Fields Doctrine

The “unity of the fields” concept comes from the Houthi terrorist group Ansar Allah, which declared, “The meaning of the unity of the fields is that we are all one hand, one leadership, one direction, one goal, and one approach, and any attack on any of the components of the Axis [of Resistance] is considered a direct attack on us.”

The concept is a tool used by Palestinian “resistance” groups to foster alliances with other left-wing movements to bolster their cause. Under this ideology, individual political, legal, economic and armed struggles are treated as interconnected fronts of a single, global war against “imperialism.”

The doctrine allies with various progressive causes, including anti-racism, indigenous rights, black liberation, anti-incarceration and gender equality. It promotes despotic, socialist and communist countries (e.g., Venezuela, Iran, Cuba and China) and advocates for them and their systems of government.

The “unity of the fields” doctrine also contends that the United States represents the "imperial core" or "belly of the beast," and that its domestic policies are inextricably linked to its foreign military and diplomatic objectives.

Consequently, any action that hinders the American government—whether through the disruption of infrastructure, sabotage of corporate interests or destabilization of federal or municipal governance—is viewed as a legitimate maneuver.

Ultimately, the unity of the fields framework promotes a moral inversion in which its supporters laud attacks like October 7 as ethical acts because they believe these acts advance the global war on imperialism and demonstrate a commitment to the cause.

These activists, therefore, not only promote and celebrate these violent acts and glorify their perpetrators but also seek to replicate them in the “field” in which they find themselves.

The ultimate goal of this war against imperialism is nothing less than the total destruction of America, Israel and the entire West.

DSA: Moving Beyond Socialism

Since DSA’s adoption of the "unity of fields" doctrine and its alignment with the tactical and ideological frameworks of militant Palestinian and other forms of “resistance,” the DSA has moved far beyond traditional democratic socialism. It now promotes a model of revolutionary anti-imperialism that justifies militant direct action and domestic insurgency.

The transformation of the DSA from its origins in 1982 as a pro-Zionist organization advocating for gradual change within the Democratic Party is not isolated to a few fringe caucuses. The national organization's identity has fundamentally altered, as evidenced by its 2025 convention resolutions and the capture of its leadership by radical factions.

This report will identify a clear pipeline from mainstream socialist organizing to criminal militancy.

The data suggests that while the national leadership of DSA is still attempting to maintain a facade of democratic participation, the organization’s internal infrastructure—including powerful caucuses that promote revolutionary Marxism, Leninism and Maoism—serves as an ideological and tactical gateway for domestic extremists.

Institutional Capture: the DSA’s Ideological Pivot

The DSA began radicalizing in 2017, when the organization experienced a surge in membership following the Democratic Party's successful maneuver to shut out Bernie Sanders from the 2016 presidential nomination.

The infusion into the organization of a younger, angrier base who felt betrayed by the “system” pulled the DSA to the far left. These new members, many of whom came from highly organized, radical groups, engaged in “entryism” – a strategy of joining a large, moderate organization to influence it and, ultimately, take it over from within.

In 2017, the DSA adopted its first anti-Israel, pro-BDS stance. By 2023, following the terror attacks of October 7, in which Hamas massacred 1,200 Israelis and kidnapped another 251, DSA’s support for “Palestinian liberation” was deemed not just an “ethical” policy; it was a strategic realignment.

Today, the DSA identifies the dismantling of the U.S. and the state of Israel as necessary and concurrent objectives that are inextricably linked to the organization’s socialist agenda.

Militant anti-Zionism is now one of the DSA’s central, defining principles, as illustrated by the passage of the following resolution at the DSA’s 2025 annual conference that stated:

“Affirming Anti-Zionism as a core principle of the organization and dedicating ourselves to working in service of Palestinian liberation … is our duty as socialists in the imperialist metropole. Only by taking steps like these can we begin to build ties with the broader Palestine liberation movement and turn DSA into a proper anti-imperialist organization.” [emphasis added]

Since 2025, the DSA’s National Political Committee (NPC), which steers the organization’s strategy and messaging, has been overrun by members of the DSA’s most radical caucuses and factions – Red Star, Marxist Unity Group, Liberation Caucus and Springs of Revolution.

These NPC leaders endorse policies that adhere to the "unity of the fields” doctrine, including defending armed “resistance.”

“We must fulfill our duty in this global struggle of many fronts. We must strike the ruling class in the imperial core and stand proudly when they strike back. We must hold the line for Palestine,” writes NPC member Ahmed Husain.

(It is noteworthy that Husain’s language evoking “duty” mirrors that of the Hamas charter, which repeatedly frames the “liberation of that land [Israel]” as a “duty.”)

“The Bernie-AOC moment has passed,” Husain says. “We must look elsewhere for our organization's future. We must look to Palestine.”

How Theory Translates to Direct Action

In 2024, the American branch of Palestine Action, a direct-action militant group, rebranded as Unity of Fields (UoF). The group defined its new mission as establishing an "anti-imperialist propaganda front for the international popular cradle of resistance."

The shift came after the group’s co-founder, Calla Walsh, was released from prison in connection with a vandalism assault on the facilities of Elbit Systems, an Israeli-owned international defense contractor and the main target of Palestine Action in the U.S. and internationally.

UoF acts as an affinity network for DSA’s radical activists, providing them with the information, inspiration and motivation to take direct, often violent, action in support of various causes.

UoF declared,

“The Palestinian insurgency launched on Oct 7 put the question of revolutionary anti-imperialist struggle back on the table, and the way forward is clear: It is our duty as people in the imperial core to open a new front against the US Empire. To build the international popular cradle of resistance​​​​. Empires do not just collapse on their own; if victory over imperialism is possible, it will be because struggles against it have erupted all across the world, including here in the core.”

UofF views itself as creating that “popular cradle” in the U.S. by engaging in “an effort to extend the successes of the Palestinian resistance to the heart of the empire itself, to translate their resilience in Gaza to unrest and violence in America.”

To UoF, the attacks of October 7 are a paradigm example of what effective “resistance” can do.

UoF serves as a revolutionary clearinghouse, identifying opportunities for protest or glorifying actions it deems worthy in the fight against “imperialism.” Their strategy involves the dissemination of "militant propaganda" designed to normalize illegal actions and encourage protestors to clash with law enforcement.

Current examples range from promoting violence against and opportunities to disrupt ICE to amplifying the voice of Columbia University’s militant anti-Israel group CUAD. On the anniversary of the takeover of the 1979 U.S. embassy in Iran (during which 66 hostages were held captive, most of them for 444 days), UoF posted its approval.

With its intentionally shocking proclamations, UoF glorifies even the most heinous of crimes, from the October 7 massacre to the murder of two Israeli embassy workers in Washington, D.C.

UofF uses its social media to broadcast "anonymous submissions,” reporting acts of vandalism and defacement of property against those it characterizes as supportive of Israel or Zionism.

It spreads messaging from foreign and domestic terror groups and advocates for “militant direct actions.”

UofF also urges its followers “TO HATE AMERIKKKA,” claiming:

DSA and Unity of Fields

UoF interfaces with the DSA by providing an outlet for DSA’s radical caucuses and NPC members who are in conflict with the more mainstream members of the national leadership, many of whom still support working within the Democratic Party.

Radical NPC leaders also function as a “legitimate” mouthpiece for UofF’s incitement to violence. Defying mainstream DSA leadership, these NPC members claim they represent a distinct and growing ideology within the "big tent" of the DSA (i.e., the local chapters that are much more radical than the mainstream leadership).

In this way, they use the larger organization of the DSA as a political shield for the glorification of terrorism.

The strategy of using the larger DSA organization as a smokescreen by the more radicalized, local members was reflected at the DSA’s 2025 convention. Convention delegates rejected the “One Member, One Vote” proposal, which would have weakened the power of local chapters and passed the “Single Transferable Vote” resolution, which ensures more proportional representation for local chapters.

“DSA is a collective national project and must follow the will of its constituent chapters…,” writes Husain. “While the brave resistance of Gaza breaks the will of the world’s most powerful armies on the frontlines, our own front in the heart of the empire demands we inflict as much political damage, economic damage, and legitimacy damage to the empire as possible.”

Walsh, the co-founder of UoF, exemplifies this trend of taking the doctrine of “unity of the fields” to the next level of “direct” activism. Walsh was a prominent DSA member until 2021, then transitioned into a militant anti-Israel activist under the auspices of Palestine Action and, after her stint in jail for violent vandalism, UoF.

(In an unexplained decision, UoF “purged” Walsh from the organization in July 2025.)

Three weeks later, after the point-blank shooting of two young Israeli embassy staffers in Washington, D.C., UoF wrote multiple posts praising the murders – posts that were echoed by DSA’s Liberation Caucus.

‘Revolutionary Fronts’ In the Field

In the DSA, the "unity of the fields" strategy is executed through the activities of caucuses, working groups and local chapters.

DSA caucuses whose platforms are ideologically aligned with UofF’s objective to create “a militant front against the US-NATO-zionist axis of imperialism” have amplified the group’s propaganda, which promotes domestic violence and vandalism as part of a global anti-imperialist “field.”

Local DSA chapters, along with chapters from the organization’s youth wing, Young Democratic Socialists of America (YDSA), regularly organize and participate in street protests and coalitions around anti-war, anti-ICE, labor and immigrant “justice” causes.

During the anti-Israel encampments of 2024 on university campuses across America, YDSA was a regular participant. These protests saw significant expressions of support for terror and terrorist organizations, and at times, involved vandalism of university buildings.

UofF, for its part, distributed various toolkits and materials to instruct its followers on how and why to undertake these disruptive “direct actions.”

In addition to campus protests, the manuals included directions on blockading company entrances, breaking and entering, spray-painting buildings with converted fire extinguishers (with instructions on how to convert fire extinguishers into spray-painting devices), and causing harm to infrastructure.

The Liberation Caucus: Support for Militant Violence

One of the most pronounced advocates of the “unity of the fields” strategy is the Liberation Caucus, a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist faction within the DSA. This caucus openly treats criminal acts of violence in the United States as tactical maneuvers in a global war against Zionism and imperialism.

On May 21, 2025, after Elias Rodriguez, a Chicago-based activist, was charged with the murder of two Israeli embassy staffers in Washington, D.C., the Liberation Caucus was one of 28 organizations to co-sign UofF’s statement of solidarity with Rodriguez.

The statement asserted that because "imperialism has made the entire world its battlefield, it is justified to fight it, by any means necessary, without regard for geography.”

The statement further described the murder of the embassy staffers as "righteous" and a "legitimate act of resistance," specifically claiming that whether in Gaza or "the heart of the US," there must be "consequences" for Zionism.

The caucus shared UoF materials related to Rodriguez’s 900-word manifesto, titled "Escalate For Gaza, Bring The War Home."

UoF turned this document into a "zine" to be used as inspiration for future "combatants.”

UofF commended the DSA Liberation Caucus for reposting the group’s statement supporting the murder, calling them “the most principled DSA members in the country.”

The Liberation Caucus's support for Rodriguez created a significant rift within the national DSA, which attempted to distance itself by condemning the murders as "vigilante violence.”

In the face of National DSA’s condemnation of the murders, the caucus maintained its stance, defying national DSA leadership and asserting that they represent a distinct ideological tendency within the "big tent" of the DSA, which, they insisted, must be given a voice.

National DSA’s failure to take disciplinary action against the caucus allowed the group to utilize the larger organization as a political shield for the glorification of terrorism and signaled to other militants within DSA that the organization would tolerate or even support their actions.

Springs of Revolution

Springs of Revolution (SoR) is an influential and radical platform within DSA. SoR serves as “a rallying call to transform DSA into a bold, revolutionary, mass political organization capable of swiftly moving with the working class and fighting back when the moment demands it.”

It presents itself as “veterans of prior springs of revolution — from the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street to the George Floyd uprisings and Student Intifada.”

At the 2025 DSA Convention, four SoR activists were elected to the now 27-member NPC.

The group’s core tenet is unity of the fields. Events occurring in different countries, within different political contexts, and across different time periods are framed as “moments of revolutionary consciousness” within a shared revolutionary lineage, not as separate episodes.

In its introductory letter, the group linked the following “fields”:

“The struggle for Palestinian liberation in the United States is simultaneously a struggle for immigrant justice and a fight against encroaching fascism, and we must act accordingly.”

SoR celebrated October 7 as a “courageous break from a concentration camp in an attempt to once again train the gaze of the world on the people of Palestine and their struggle for liberation.”

SoR asserts that “Palestine is the moral compass of the socialist movement, and our north star in our pursuit of justice.“

Red Star Caucus

Megan Romer of the Red Star caucus, which advocates for a Marxist-Leninist takeover of America, was elected co-chair of the NPC in August 2025.

Romer says, “...we do not, in fact, condemn Hamas and ... no socialist should …”

In a May 2024 article titled, “We Do Not Condemn Hamas, and Neither Should You,” DSA’s Red Star Caucus praised their “socialist siblings” in the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) terror organizations who joined Hamas terrorists under the “unity of the fields” principle.

“The media often refers to the Palestinian resistance as ‘Hamas,’ but it’s better described as a popular front involving several militant organizations that coordinate through a Joint Operations Room.

“Palestinian communists’ choice to participate in this alliance is a good thing, and we’re grateful for the good judgment our socialist siblings in the PFLP and DFLP have shown by participating in it.”

DSA International Committee

A fundamental pillar of the "unity of the fields" doctrine is linking international and domestic struggles, i.e., what activists claim is imperial violence abroad and repression of workers or immigration enforcement at home as expressions of the historical and global unfairness of capitalism.

The DSA International Committee serves as the primary mechanism for linking international and domestic struggles under this framework. This can be seen in the DSA’s solidarity with Latin American socialists and condemnation of the U.S. military initiatives against Iran and Venezuela.

Groups like UofF and the DSA’s International Committee use sabotage to disrupt U.S. foreign policy objectives. They argue that because "imperialism has made the entire world its battlefield," any act that hinders the American state or its "Zionist proxy" is a righteous maneuver to perpetrate a global insurgency. The goal is to create a "deterrence equation" in which the U.S. government faces immediate domestic upheaval due to its foreign policy decisions.

In 2023, DSA’s International Committee signed onto “The Gaza Resolution” promoted by Progressive International, which called for the removal of Palestinian parties, including Hamas, from the U.S. Treasury’s OFAC terrorism sanctions program.

Progressive International is an organization that brings together left-wing parties, unions and movements worldwide.

The resolution stated, “Understand that the fascist violence against the Palestinian people today foreshadows the violence of Western imperialism towards all the world’s workers and oppressed peoples tomorrow because this is the historical tendency of capitalism in decay.”

The “unity of the fields” theory contends that tactics used by “imperialists” in one arena do not stay contained; rather, they migrate across borders and contexts. Therefore, the U.S. military response to the October 7 attacks is used as an example of what will happen to activists in the U.S.

On October 19, 2023, Progressive International announced the launch of Palestine Action US.

UoF later promoted the following:

DSA Labor

The DSA Labor caucus’ campaign “Labor for an Arms Embargo” exemplifies the application of "unity of field theory" in socialist organizing, demonstrating that the fight against an “imperialist war” (i.e., U.S.-backed actions in Gaza) is not auxiliary to labor struggles but essential to them — part of the same underlying "field" of capitalist exploitation and state violence.

By organizing workers to withhold labor from war production, the caucus seeks to bridge the domestic/international divide, making it a single, coherent anti-capitalist/anti-imperialist fight.

The campaign calls for U.S. workers — especially those in unions and industries tied to military production — to organize a full arms embargo on Israel. The campaign highlights global worker actions against arming Israel amid the Gaza conflict (referred to as the "ongoing Palestinian genocide" or “atrocities enabled by U.S. support”) and connects domestic worker struggles (e.g., better wages, conditions and anti-austerity measures) with international anti-war efforts.

The campaign urges “direct labor action,” i.e., workers refusing to produce or transport weapons, and is endorsed by well-known left-wing, anti-Israel labor figures such as Jeremy Corbyn.

DSA Chapters Apply Unity of the Fields Strategy

DSA chapters often act as local hubs for coordination with groups such as UoF, Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) and Palestinian Youth Movement (PYM).

DSA chapters use local U.S. grievances—such as police militarization, labor disputes and immigration enforcement—to normalize domestic terrorism and illegal acts as “legitimate resistance” since they are all viewed as active fronts in the global war against imperialism.

Because the national DSA organization faces greater public scrutiny and must incorporate divergent opinions, local DSA chapters, which are generally more radical, have picked up the mantle.

NYC DSA: Quality of Life in NYC ‘Deeply Linked’ to Palestine

The New York City chapter of DSA is the largest and one of the most politically influential DSA chapters. Its ideology epitomizes the “unity of the fields” philosophy, equating local grievances with “Palestinian rights” and blurring the lines between electoral politics and militant street action.

The 14,000-member chapter mobilized to get current NYC Mayor Zohran Mamdani, an active DSA member, elected. Mamdani clearly believes in the same ideas as the chapter.

In January, NYC-DSA began organizing an “army” of more than 4,000 anti-ICE activists to form “rapid response” battalions and obstruct federal law enforcement if ICE operations come to the city.

Within NYC-DSA, Brick by Brick (BxB) is a coalition that runs candidates for chapter leadership and delegate positions. Coalition members – including DSA Emerge, Reform and Revolution, SoR and the Liberation Socialist Caucus – share common ideologies and advocate for "insurgent politics" that build organic social bases to exercise "power inside and outside the state."

DSA-LA: ICE Is an ‘Apartheid Regime’

The June 2025 riots following federal immigration enforcement in Los Angeles are a significant domestic application of the "unity of the fields" strategy. The riots served to synchronize local grievances with global anti-imperialist struggles.

In an official statement, DSA-LA characterized the ICE raids as "ethnic cleansing" and described the U.S. immigration system as an "apartheid regime." This deliberate use of terminology effectively linked the "field" of domestic immigrant rights to the "field" of the Palestinian struggle, identifying both as victims of a singular "US-NATO-Zionist axis."

A key manifestation of the "unity of the fields" framework during the LA riots was the coordinated direct action campaign against the company Palantir. Protestors, including members of DSA-LA, targeted Palatir because of its dual role in providing tracking technology to both the Trump administration for immigration enforcement and the Israeli Ministry of Defense. By focusing on a single corporate entity that serves both "fields," activists physicalized the theory that the "war machine" at home and abroad is a single, unified entity – and target.

UofF played a prominent role in escalating the LA protests that devolved into setting fire to self-driving Waymo vehicles, launching fireworks at police, looting and vandalism.

UoF used its social media presence to actively promote and glorify these actions, which they characterized as “justified resistance.” The group posted videos of the destruction and urged followers to intensify confrontations with law enforcement.

UoF also amplified calls for similar actions in other cities, including New York, and was reportedly raising legal defense funds for individuals accused of politically motivated violence.

Seattle DSA: ‘Boycott War Profiteers’

Seattle DSA’s "Palestine Solidarity and Internationalism Working Group" (PSIWG) runs the "Boycott War Profiteers" campaign. This involves "walkthroughs" of grocery stores like PCC Community Markets to confront managers about stocking products from Israel, as well as "phone zapping" PCC’s customer service lines to complain about “products produced under apartheid.”

Seattle DSA has also framed the revocation of student visas at the University of Washington as a form of state repression linked to Palestinian identity. Their official statements characterize these domestic immigration disputes as free-speech issues and frame them as a direct extension of the global conflict.

The Seattle DSA chapter explicitly endorsed the "Stop Cop City and Defend Weelaunee Forest" movement in Atlanta, demonstrating how local chapters treat any police struggle as part of a global front.

“Copy City” – officially the Atlanta Public Safety Training Center – itself serves as a primary "field" for demonstrating the unified resistance strategy. Activists argue that the training tactics and technology intended for the police at the center are inextricably tied to the Israeli military.

In addition, according to Dissent Magazine, “Stop Cop City threads together elements of other recent protest movements,” including those advocating for defunding the police, environmental justice and indigenous sovereignty.

Atlanta DSA’s own Stop Cop City page clearly frames DSA as part of the resistance against Cop City, articulating reasons to oppose the project and calling for community involvement in its campaign.

James "Fergie" Chambers, a primary funder of UofF, has been a significant financial supporter of the "Stop Cop City" movement.

Portland DSA: ‘Demilitarize Portland to Palestine’

Portland DSA treats domestic law enforcement and international military activity as a singular apparatus. The chapter built a coalition explicitly linking local policing issues with Palestinian liberation, arguing that the technology used by the Portland Police Bureau is tied to the Israeli military.

In October 2025, half of Portland’s City councilors – all members of DSA – announced a pledge to investigate local economic ties to Gaza, framing the move as a "turning point" for local investment. They connected immigration enforcement by ICE to the "war machine" in Gaza.

DSA/YDSA: Pro-Hamas Encampments

DSA and its youth wing, YDSA, provided significant logistical, ideological and tactical support to the anti-Israel, pro-Hamas encampments on U.S. university campuses throughout 2024 and 2025.

In an interview, YDSA organizer and leader of the CUNY encampment Jo von Maack, who was supported by UoF, said, “We also have demands that aren’t necessarily related to Palestine … These demands we framed under Palestinian liberation, but also our liberation. We believe that we can’t just tackle all these issues separately. We have to synthesize them together because they’re all connected because of capitalism.”

UofF was notably active in the encampments at Howard University and Columbia and the disruptions that followed.

In September 2024, UoF promoted the vandalism that took place at Columbia during anti-Israel protests that coincided with the start of the fall 2024 academic semester.

In March 2025, copies of Palestine Action’s (aka UofF) "Underground Manual" were reported to be found circulating at Columbia. This publication by the network provides detailed instructions on committing illegal acts while avoiding detection. It covers using burner phones, destroying evidence and techniques for "how to get to the site and leave undetected.”

The group shared live footage on May 7, 2025, of the disruption and Barnard library vandalism, writing on X:

As the arrests were ongoing, the group posted, "We not only call for the total destruction of 'Israel' but for the total destruction of the United States of Amerika as well. Anyone who isn't saying both isn't saying much of anything at all."

Just two weeks later, UofF called for more killings in response to the murder of two Israeli embassy staff members in Washington, D.C.

DSA Communist Caucus

In a 2020 thread, the DSA Communist Caucus explicitly endorsed "militant property destruction" as a longstanding and effective tactic for resisting oppression in America, dating the tactic back to the 18th century. The group argued that politicians condemn such actions not out of moral concern but because they create "enormous political pressure" on entrenched interests.

The caucus further noted that in "violent and repressive societies," a sustained lack of rioting allows politicians to ignore challenges to power, implying that disruptive acts are necessary to force policy changes. This framing positions sabotage-like tactics as a strategic tool for social change, rather than random violence, a classic manifestation of the Unity of the fields philosophy.

Coalition-Building for Protests

In early 2026, DSA issued a call for DSA members to participate in a national “Day of Action for Venezuela” following the arrest of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and First Lady Cilia Flores.

For the action day, DSA teamed up with the Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL) and the Palestine Youth Movement (PYM) in what was described by an observer as a "shift" toward more unified revolutionary politics, including "militant networks."

The observer warned of boundary collapse on the Left where DSA's "democratic socialism" increasingly overlaps with hardline anti-U.S. stances.

The call echoed a resolution (R26) passed during the 2025 DSA National Convention titled "Fight Fascist State Repression & ICE." A core component of the resolution is "militant organizing" to "protect targeted communities." This strategy emphasizes the use of "mass movements of millions of people in the streets" and "militant traditions" to generate the popular pressure needed to mount effective resistance against “escalating state repression.”

DSA and YDSA as a Gateway Drug

• Calla Walsh, the co-founder of Unity of Fields (Palestine Action US), was a prominent DSA member until late 2021. Her transition into "direct action" activism reflects a broader "entryist" trend in which younger, radicalized members, dissatisfied with DSA’s hesitant militancy, move from DSA to more militant front groups.
• In the Bread & Roses’ 2025 NPC Slate Statement, candidates from the caucus described the DSA as an "engine for turning regular people into socialist fighters who can lead independent mass action, incite labor militancy" and characterized the organization as a "home for socialists becoming lifelong organizers and militants." The authors explicitly credit their own political development to their time in YDSA.
• Jo von Maack, a YDSA organizer, said, “I see YDSA as the first step towards radicalizing people …You get students at college age and radicalize them. And then they take these skills into the workplace and they can grow a movement from there.” She continued, “We’re going to keep pushing at it and we’re going to free Palestine and we’re going to free the world too.”

UofF and the radical factions in DSA enable individuals to see themselves as “soldiers” in a “noble” global conflict and label murderers as “political prisoners.” DSA provides institutional cover to members who endorse UofF’s militant propaganda and destructive direct action, even if they don’t directly participate in it. This ideological congruence paves the way for DSA members to use the organization as a stepping stone to ever more radical and militant activism.

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