Nathalie Amazan
Overview
Nathalie Amazan has spread hatred of Israel and promoted anti-Israel agitators and incitement on social media. Amazan is also a supporter of the Boycott Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement.Amazan attended the 2019 National SJP Conference at the University of Minnesota – Twin Cities (UMN) as a member of Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), Amherst (SJP UMass).National SJP held their conference at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities (UMN), from November 1-3, 2019. The conference was themed: “Beyond Struggle: From Roots to Branches Towards Liberation.”
As of December 2020, Amazan’s LinkedIn page said she was a 2020 Graduate of UMass Amherst and a Legal Assistant intern for the UMass Amherst Student Legal Services Office from January to April 2020.
Also as of December 2020, Amazan’s LinkedIn page said she received a bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Legal Studies from UMass Amherst in 2020. Amazan’salso wrote that she was a member of SJP.
Amazan’s LinkedIn page also said she was Vice President of UMass Amherst’s Student Government Association (SGA), from February 2018 to February 2019. Prior to that, Amazan was [00:01:25] a Senator and Undersecretary of the UMass Amherst SGA.
In November 2016, Amazan co-founded the UMass Prison Abolition Collective (PAC), a student group that seeks “to educate and advocate for the end of the prison industrial complex and all forms of incarceration.”
On March 6, 2018, Amazon reportedly planned to “attend law school and continue her social justice work, particularly with communities of color within the prison system” and possibly pursue a future in politics.
Spreading Hatred of Israel
Amazan retweeted a June 24, 2020 tweet that read: “Reminder that Palestinians -- like every other colonised people -- have a right under international law to use armed resistance to defend themselves against their occupiers. You may not like it, but it is a fact.”In an April 28, 2020 Twitter thread, Amazan commented on an opinion piece in The Daily Collegian, titled: “What we can learn from the Israel-Palestine conflict.”
Amazan tweeted: “Article: ‘Peace can only come when both groups are ready to compromise- not when others pressure them into it.’ - Peace is also, if not moreso, about integrating desires; making sure people’s identities & fighting for their right to exist are not erased, jailed, and murdered;”
On April 5, 2020, Amazan tweeted: “We will unequivocally speak out and reject any effort to normalize the Israeli state as anything other than a settler-colonial project. Palestinians cannot afford our silence, WE cannot afford silence. Our world runs interconnectedly, the systems & ideologies that oppress”
Proponents of the “anti-normalization” policy seek to police all interactions between Israelis and Palestinians and shut down all conversations and interactions perceived as being ideologically unaligned with their own agenda. They believe “liberal Zionist” dialogue with Palestinians “normalizes” entrenched power dynamics. This policy was originally dictated by the BDS National Committee (BNC), which prioritized the “Monitoring & Rapid Response” against interactions that recognize or cooperate with “Israel’s regime.”
The event featured Ethiopian-Israeli, Waga Brok, an Israel Fellow at the University of Illinois, speaking about her experience being Black, African and Jewish and what that means in different environments.
UMass SJP’s statement condemning the event read: “The anti-normalization policy necessitates that we do not participate in collaborative events with Zionist groups… on the grounds that such events do more to obscure, rather than expose, the fundamental power imbalances at the heart of the settler-colonial occupation of Palestine.”
On March 30, 2020, Amazan tweeted: “The right to return is an indisputable right for all Palestinians
#PalestinianLandDay #FreePalestine”Promoting Anti-Israel Agitators
On November 14, 2019, Amazan featured in a UMass SJP group photo on Instagram, posing with anti-Israel agitators Sut Jhalley and Linda Sarsour.Sut Jhally has promoted anti-Zionism on campus and is the creator of two anti-Israel films.
The photo caption read: “A BIG thank you to the wonderful panelists last night who discussed the rampant criminalization of both the legitimate & necessary dissent of Israeli’s apartheid regime and the support of Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) — thank you to everyone who came! Panelists: @lsarsour @shaunking @speakoutwithtimwise Dima Khalidi & Omar Barghouti
FREE FREE PALESTINE
.”The photo caption read: “Thank you @radhikasainath from @pal_legal for an amazing Know Your Rights Workshop! We all left with new information and energized to continue speaking truth to power & advocating for the rights and freedom of Palestinians under occupation. #FreePalestine #SJP”
On September 4, 2019, Amazan featured in a UMass SJP Instagram photo alongside Marc Lamont Hill and Sarsour.
During the meeting, Hill reportedly whitewashed Palestinian violence and accused Israel of “state violence and ethnic cleansing.” He also called for a “free Palestine from the river to the sea.”
In September 2018, during a U.S. Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USCPR) conference, Hill insinuated [00:31:01] that Israel poisons Palestinian water and seemingly approved [00:30:34] of violence against Israelis.
UMass SJP Instagram’s post was captioned: “Last semester, we finished the year off strong with an amazing panel titled: ‘Not Backing Down: Israel, Free Speech, & The Battle for Palestinian Human Rights’ ... SJP is just getting started this semester, we have a lot we’re excited for ~~ Stay tuned!”
Supporting BDS
On May 15, 2020, Amazan shared a post from UMass SJP on Twitter that featured a “Call to Action” promoting BDS.UMass SJP’s post was captioned: “Today is #Nakba Remembrance day. Israel is moving forward to continue the ongoing catastrophe by stealing more Palestinian land this summer. Now more than ever we must renew our commitment to justice and liberation; we need to urgently continue the movement for #BDS & Palestinian.”
Amazan retweeted a June 24, 2020 tweet from anti-Israel activist Remi Kanazi, that read:
“Boycott Israel
Divest from Israel
Slap sanctions on Israel
Abolish the IOF [Israel Occupied Forces]
End the siege on Gaza
Dismantle the occupation
Tear down the wall
Smash apartheid
Free all prisoners
Apply the right to return
Liberate Palestine”
Poet Remi Kanazi is known for his aggressively anti-Israel spoken-word performances. He has supported terrorism and has compared Israel to both ISIS and the Ku Klux Klan.
On November 13, 2019, Amazan was quoted in UMass Amherst student webzine discussing the November 12, 2019 campus BDS event, titled: “Criminalizing Dissent — The Attack on BDS and Pro-Palestinian Speech.”
Amazan said: “As you heard from our panelists and the intro video, the blatant attack and overt discrimination of people supporting Boycott, Divestments and Sanctions is the norm for our country. We can no longer let that be the case.”
Amazan continued: “Consider the fact that our money from our taxes goes to bolstering the apartheid regime of Israel. Now we are witnessing in real-time the displacement and destruction of people and their right to exist means that we can not be silent.”
The event was headed by Sut Jhally, UMass Professor of Communication and featured anti-Israel activists Linda Sarsour and Omar Barghouti.
Barghouti, co-founder of the BDS movement, rejects the existence of Israel.
Barghouti falsely claimed that the demand that all Palestinian refugees be allowed to settle in Israel is a "right" under international law, and further asserted that the demands of BDS are “inflexible” and “non-negotiable” — and if people object then “tough.”
Barghouti also accusedIsrael of "colonizing the minds of Palestinians" by (temporarily) shutting down Palestinian educational institutions — particularly Birzeit University — whose militant student body was involvedin riots and terror activity during the first Intifada and later remained ridden with terrorists. Barghouti omitted that under Israeli occupation five Arab universities and 70 teaching colleges were created on the West Bank, between 1967 and 1987 alone; none were permitted when the area was under Jordanian rule before 1967.
In January of 2016, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) swept Birzeit, seizing weapons stockpiles and Hamas propaganda. The university administration echoed Barghouti’s claims, characterizing the sweep as a "belligerent ... attack on the university and our right to education and all the principles involved in the freedom of education."
Barghouti also condemned Israel for shutting down other educational institutions, like kindergartens and high schools, which were also used to educate children to hate Israeli Jews — and become suicide bombers.
Barghouti also falsely claimed that Israel is guilty of Apartheid towards its Arab citizens.
Attending the 2019 National SJP Conference
On November 1, 2019, Amazan tweeted: “excited for what this weekend will bring
#FreePalestine !” She also shared a group photo posted by SJP UMass to Twitter and Instagram at the 2019 NSJP conference.On November 2, 2019, Amazan appeared in another group photo posted by SJP UMass on Twitter. SJP UMass tweeted: “Successfully finished our workshop this morning! There were so many students who shared their experiences organizing for Palestinian liberation and we are committed to staying in community w/ each other to uplift & support our work to #FreePalestine #nsjp2019”
The Conference partnered with numerous anti-Israel organizations and conducted their event in a clandestine manner.
2019 National SJP - Supporting BDS
The Conference website called to capitalize on shifts in the political climate, represented by the elections to the U.S. Congress of Representatives Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib, who both support BDS. National SJP speakers also reportedly drew attention to Rep. Omar’s support for the BDS movement as the Representative for UMN’s Congressional district.During the Conference, National SJP speakers reportedly “noted the success of past divestment campaigns at the University [UMN], which ultimately resulted in the passing of a campus-wide [BDS] referendum in 2018.”
The UMN resolution passed in 2018 by a margin of 3.4 percent of those students who voted, translating to approval by 6.18% of all eligible voters. Less than 13% of the eligible voters actually voted on UMN’s BDS referendum.
2019 National SJP - Rejecting Israel and Zionism
The 2019 National SJP Conference website indicated that the goal of their “solidarity movement” was to push for policies that “demanded the end of” the state of Israel, referred to as “the Israeli occupation.”The website clarified that “the Palestinian struggle against Zionism, extends beyond the confines of 1967, and well before the Nakba,” and was based on the rejection of Jewish national self-determination in Israel.
Nakba is an Arabic term for “catastrophe” and refers to the outcome of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It is a term often used to delegitimize the creation of the State of Israel.
2019 National SJP - Heightened Secrecy
The 2019 National SJP Conference required attendees to be “verified and vouched for” by an SJP chapter to which they belonged and required each chapter to register as a group. The conference also required each group to be verified by a “reference––someone who is NOT going to this conference but who is or has recently been a part of your SJP.”2019 National SJP - Partnering Organizations
National SJP partnered with other anti-Israel organizations to table, sell merchandise and lead workshops, including CODEPINK, Palestine Youth Movement (PYM), Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), US Palestinian Community Network (USPCN), Palestine Legal, Watan Palestine and the Adalah Justice Project.Keynote speakers included Loubna Qutami, Chair of PYM, as well as Taher Herzallah of American Muslims for Palestine (AMP). Other speakers included Miko Peled, Sandra Tamari, Suhad Katib, Chris Gazaleh, Clarissa Bitar, Tariq Luthun, Maytha Alhassen and Sima Shakhsari.
UMass SJP
Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), Amherst, UMass SJP, was founded in Spring 2014 and has partnered with the anti-Israel organization Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP)’s chapter at Western Mass (JVP WMass), to host anti-Israel speakers and events.UMass SJP (2019-2020) - Supporting Terrorists
On April 13, 2020, during the global coronavirus pandemic, UMass SJP posted on Instagram: “We are joining in Samidoun’s Week of Action for Palestinian Liberation leading up to Palestinian Prisoner’s Day on April 17. Today we are calling for the freedom of all Palestinian prisoners whose lives are at risk due to the global pandemic of COVID-19.”The Samidoun: Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network (Samidoun) is an anti-Israel NGO,founded in 2011. Samidoun routinely characterizes convicted murderers as “political prisoners.”
The Israeli Ministry of Strategic Affairs and Public Diplomacy published a report in February 2019, exposing Samidoun’s ties with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) terrorist organization. On April 23, 2019, Samidoun was informed by PayPal that their account had been “permanently limited” due to the nature of their activities.
The April 13, 2020 UMass SJP Instagram post included a video of UMass SJP activists demanding [00:00:02] the release of “all Palestinian political prisoners.”
The video opened with a Samidoun petition, titled: “Palestinian Prisoners’ Day 2020: Week of Action for Palestinian Liberation” and featured photos of convicted terrorists including Khalida Jarrar, Marwan Barghouti and Ahmad Sa’adat.
Barghouti led the the Palestinian Authority (PA) terrorist Tanzim force and founded the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.
On April 17, 2019, UMass SJP hosted an event to commemorate Palestinian Prisoners Day, a day of solidarity with Palestinian political prisoners, “connecting the issue of Palestinian political prisoners with prison justice in the US.”
UMass SJP (2018-2020) - Anti-Israel Events
On May 7, 2020 UMass SJP promoted on Facebook their May 13, 2020 event titled: “Palestine 101: The Ongoing Nakba.” The Facebook post included the event flier, which invited readers to participate in “a collaborative teach-in to commemorate the Nakba of 1948 and the ongoing Nakba of Israeli settler colonialism.”Nakba is an Arabic term for “catastrophe” and refers to the outcome of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It is a term often used to delegitimize the creation of the State of Israel.
On April 3, 2020, UMass SJP posted on Facebook regarding their participation in the online “Israeli Apartheid Week 2020: United Against Racism,” held March 16-21, 2020.
Israel Apartheid Week (IAW), which has been re-named Palestine Awareness Week, is an annual event to build support for the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement and “to raise awareness of Israel’s settler-colonial project and apartheid system over the Palestinian people.”
In their Facebook post, UMass SJP accused Israel of “medical apartheid,” as well as “genocide” and wrote: “Palestinians have been killed by their occupiers through being denied access to adequate medical care since the founding of the state of Israel...We must recognize how the state uses all of its institutions to oppress and debilitate Palestinians, including healthcare.”
On November 20, 2019, UMass SJP hosted a “Vigil for Gaza,” in response to Israel’s Operation Black Belt. The event’s Facebook description read: “On November 12, 2019, the Israeli government launched an airstrike on Gaza...This latest attack on Gaza is a form of collective punishment--”
Jhally has promoted anti-Zionism on campus, demonized Israel and is the creator of the anti-Israel films, which he has presented at SJP events. The film at the UMass SJP event purported that Israel controls the American public’s view on Arab-Israeli conflict in the media.
Jhally claimed [00:04:27] in the film that the basis of the conflict was about “land” and [00:03:03] easily solved. Jhally also presented [00:03:49] in the film a series of misleading maps of lands previously controlled by Jordan, Egypt and Britain, that are shown as autonomous “Palestinian land,” which the maps suggest were stolen by Israel.
Lands previously controlled by Jordan, Egypt and Britain are shown as autonomous “Palestinian land,” which the maps suggest were stolen by Israel.
In 2016, copies of a college textbook containing the misleading maps were recalled by publisher MCGraw-Hill.
The event’s Facebook description read: “After 70 years, the Israeli occupation, with backing from the U.S. government, continues to dismantle and destroy the lives of Palestinian people worldwide. Palestinian people continue to hold the keys to their homes as a symbol of resistance and return.”
The Palestinian demand for a “right of return” has been discredited as a way to eliminate the State of Israel.
The event featured panelist Zeiad Abbas, the Executive Director of the Middle East Children’s Alliance (MECA). MECA supports BDS and works with JVP. At the event, Abbas reportedly called for the Right of Return and advocated for the end of U.S. support of Israel.
UMass SJP (2018-2020) - Promoting Anti-Israel Agitators
On March 16, 2020, UMass SJP posted to Facebook in honor of Rachel Corrie.On December 7, 2019, UMass SJP wrote on Facebook: “Thank you Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib!!” and shared a United States Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USPCR) post regarding her “principled stand against H. Res. 326, a resolution that will only help perpetuate the unjust status quo in Palestine/Israel and provide cover for Israel’s ongoing violations of Palestinian rights.”
Elected to the U.S. Congress in November 2018, Rashida Tlaib has advocated for a one-state solution, endorsed the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement and called for reduced foreign aid to Israel.
H.Res. 326 was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives in April 2019, in support of a two-state solution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict and to “ensure Israel's survival as a secure Jewish and democratic state and fulfill the legitimate aspirations for a Palestinian state.”
USPCR’s Facebook post included photos of Tlaib testifying against H.Res. 326 and quoted her as saying: “We cannot be honest brokers for peace if we refuse to use the words ‘illegal occupation by Israel.’”
On May 4, 2019, UMass SJP participated in a panel event titled: “Not Backing Down: Israel, Free Speech, & the Battle for Palestinian Rights,” that featured anti-Israel activists Roger Waters (via recorded video message), Marc Lamont Hill, Linda Sarsour, Dave Zirin and Vijay Prashad.
Roger Waters is a world-famous musician and BDS activist who has compared Israel to Nazi Germany. He has also been accused of spreading anti-Semitism at his concerts.
Marc Lamont Hill was fired from his position as a contributor to CNN (Cable News Network) in November 2018, after making controversial comments during a meeting at the United Nations for an “International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.”
Sarsour has tweeted that “nothing is creepier than Zionism” and frequently uses the word “Zionist” as a pejorative.
The event was organized by Sut Jhally and the Media Education Foundation (MEF), of which he is the Founder and Executive Director.
The event’s Facebook description read: “The panel will address recent attacks on Rep. Ilhan Omar and other progressives who have spoken out against Israel’s 50-year military occupation of Palestinian land and pushed back against the claim that criticizing Israeli government policies is ‘anti-Semitic.’”
Elected to the U.S. Congress in 2018, Ilhan Omar was denounced by top Congressional leaders in February 2019 for tweeting anti-Semitic remarks. She has also demonized Israel and endorsed BDS.
On September 4, 2019, UMass SJP posted photos on Instagram of activists posing with Hill and Sarsour. UMass SJP’s Instagram post also included a video from Angela Davis where she expressed solidarity with the May 4, 2019 event.
In 1970, Davis was charged as a principal in the aggravated kidnapping and first-degree murder of a judge and listed on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitive List.
UMass SJP (2018-2020) - Promoting Anti-Normalizatio
On April 12, 2020, UMass SJP posted multiple images to Instagram with the title: “Unpacking Zionism.” The final image read: “ZIONSIM REWRITES THE PALESTINIAN FIGHT FOR LIBERATION FROM AN ANTI-COLONIAL STRUGGLE TO AN ANTI-SEMITIC PROJECT. WE MUST QUESTION THAT NARRATIVE.”UMass SJP Instagram’s post said: “As UMASS SJP, the work that we do obliges us to dispel narratives that normalize the occupation. Zionism is a tool of normalization, painting the Jewish settlement of Palestine to be a much needed finding of a homeland rather than a settler-colonial project. We must work to address and unlearn these narratives.”
The policy of “anti-normalization” aims to ensure that all interactions between Israelis and Palestinians align only with the Arab agenda, including ending the occupation and a full right of return for Palestinians, which is a Palestinian demand discredited as a means to eliminate Israel. The policies are shared with the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.
On April 7, 2020, UMass SJP posted multiple images on Instagram with the title: “Challenging Normalization of the Occupation.”
UMass SJP’s Instagram post said: “In solidarity with the Palestinian Civil Society’s calls to reject normalization of the occupation, we present a brief guide on how to decolonize our language. Using the terms given to us by American and Israeli interests invisiblize [sic] the identity of Palestinians and uphold the occupation. Being more intentional with our words is the first step to showing solidarity with Palestinians and resisting the settler-colonial state.”
On April 5, 2020 UMass SJP posted to Instagram a “Statement On Rejecting Normalization & Expressing Our Solidarity On Campus.” The statement was in response to a UMass Mishelanu and UMass Black Student Union (BSU) co-sponsored event titled: "A Talk with An Ethopian Israeli."
The UMass Mishelanu and UMass BSU event was to feature Ethiopian-Israeli, Waga Brok, talking about her experience being a black, African, Jewish woman and her experience of those identities in different environments.
UMass SJP’s statement read: “The anti-normalization policy necessitates that we do not participate in collaborative events with Zionist groups...on the grounds that such events do more to obscure, rather than expose, the fundamental power imbalances at the heart of the settler-colonial occupation of Palestine.”
UMass SJP’s Instagram post also said: "As SJP, we unequivocally reject any effort to normalize the Israeli state as anything other than a settler-colonial project."
Prior to the Waga Brok event, UMass SJP activists reportedly attacked a group of Jewish students on campus, after which the event was “zoom-bombed” with “vicious hate speech - repeatedly calling Brok the N-word and viciously attacking her in the comments section.”
UMass SJP (2018-2020) - Supporting BDS
On November 11, 2019, UMass SJP promoted on Facebook an event to be held the following day titled: “Criminalizing Dissent – The Attack on BDS & American Democracy,” featuring BDS co-founder Omar Barghouti.Barghouti, the founder of the BDS movement, has claimed [00:04:28] that international law grants everyone with Palestinian ancestry the unqualified right to settle in Israel. Barghouti has also insisted [01:18:21]that the demands of BDS are “inflexible” and “non-negotiable,” and if people object, then “tough.”
On April 19, 2020, UMass SJP posted a flier from Within Our Lifetime (WOL), formerly NYC SJP, on Instagram that read: “BOYCOTT. THIS RAMADAN DON’T BREAK YOUR FAST WITH ZIONISM!” and urged readers to “AVOID ALL DATES LABELED ISRAEL, WEST BANK, JORDAN VALLEY OR RED SEA. ALL DATES PRODUCED UNDER THIS LABEL WERE MADE IN OCCUPIED PALESTINE.”
On May 15, 2020, UMass SJP posted a “Call of Action” to Facebook that read: “We must do the work of pressuring our governments through a variety of tactics to end all military funding to Israel. We must understand that BDS...is a necessary act of solidarity and an international strategy in the movement for Palestinian liberation.”
BDS
The Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement was founded by Omar Barghouti in 2005 to challenge “international support for Israeli apartheid and settler-colonialism.” BDS is an allegedly “Palestinian-led movement,” although leading BDS activists have admitted [00:01:01] this is not true.
One of the demands of BDS includes [point 3] what is generally known as the “right of return,” a demand discredited as a way to eliminate Israel. Barghouti said the “right of return” is a means to “end Israel’s existence as a Jewish state.”
Barghouti has said that BDS “aims to turn Israel into a pariah state, as South Africa once was.”
In his activism, Barghouti has also said [00:05:55] regarding Israel: “Definitely, most definitely, we oppose a Jewish state in any part of Palestine. No…rational Palestinian, not a sellout Palestinian, will ever accept a Jewish state in Palestine.”
The movement has been linked to numerous terrorist organizations and received a public endorsement from Hamas in 2017.
BDS initiatives include calling on institutions and individuals to divest from Israeli-affiliated companies, promoting academic and cultural boycotts of Israel, and organizing anti-Israel rallies, protests and campaigns.
The movement’s most notable achievement has been the infiltration of university campuses through lobbying for “BDS resolutions.” In these cases, student governments and student groups, backed by their own anti-Israel members and affiliates, have proposed resolutions on some form of boycott of, or divestment from, Israel and Israeli-affiliated entities.
Boycott resolutions, although non-binding, have been passed by student governments on numerous North American campuses.
BDS activity is often aggressive and disruptive. It has been noted that universities that pass BDS resolutions see a marked increase in anti-Semitic incidents on campus. On one campus, when the student government debated a BDS resolution, reports emerged of violent threats against those opposing it.
SJP
SJP is a student organization engaged in anti-Israel activity on North American college and university campuses.
The first chapter of SJP was founded in 2001 at the University of California at Berkeley by Professor Hatem Bazian. Bazian has spread classic anti-Semitism, reportedly promoted religious anti-Semitism and defended the Hamas terror group. In 2004, Bazian called for “intifada” in America.
SJP organizes anti-Israel campaigns, including running annual Israel Apartheid Weeks, often in collaboration with Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) and Muslim Students Association (MSA) campus chapters.
SJP has been a major force in pushing the anti-Semitic Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement on campuses. Chapters have initiated dozens of BDS resolutions in student governments, which have been proposed on or around Jewish holidays, a time when many Jewish students are off-campus.
SJP activists have reportedly physically assaulted, intimidated and harassed Jewish students, disrupted pro-Israel campus events and demonized pro-Israel campus organizations.
Chapters have often endorsed and campaigned for numerous terrorists and whitewashed terrorism.
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